ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES IN KEDAH PROVE THE KINGDOM OF KEDAH TUA WAS AN INDIAN KINGDOM NOT A MALAY KINGDOM
By: Hamly Hadi
(Historical Observer)
All the archaeological finds in Kedah are typical of Indian civilization, not at all typical of the Malays, archaeological finds such as:
1. Bujang Valley
2. Batu River Iron Smelting
3.Buddha archa
4. Kalam Semah, Kurung Batang Cave and the Idol Cave use Sharada letters from Khasmir and Sanskrit.
5. Batu has the letters Kampung Sungai Mas in Pallawa letters and Sanskrit.
6. The Buddha inscribed stone on Mertajam Hill uses Sanskrit Pallava letters.
7. Batu Bersurat Cerok Tok Kun Bukit Mertajam uses Pallawa letters and Sanskrit.
8. The inscription stone in Bujang Valley uses the Pallava script and Sanskrit.
None of the inscriptions in Kedah from the Old Kedah Kingdom era use Malay, as in the Upin & Ipin films, so there’s no room for Malays to claim that Old Kedah was a Malay kingdom.
If the inscriptions in Old Kedah used the language of the Upin & Ipin films, I would certainly admit that Old Kedah was a Malay kingdom.
Banjarmasin, January 11, 2026
——–
